attatchment disoreder theory essays

attatchment disoreder hypothesis articles Connection or holding is the creating relationship built up between an essential parental figure, for the most part the mother, and her youngster. Connection practices start right off the bat throughout everyday life. This thin age limit is regularly called the basic time frame. This believing relationship created in earliest stages shapes the establishment for a kid's turn of events. In the event that a youngster has a safe connection, he will grow up to see the world as a protected spot and will have the option to create different feelings. It has become increasingly more clear that a sound connection is generally significant in human turn of events. For what reason do a few youngsters endure and even bounce back despite misfortune? A few youngsters can adjust and bounce back and build up the assets they have to adapt. The fundamental establishments of a kid's character are framed in their initial connection to a grown-up parental figure. It permits the youngster to create trust in others and a dependence on himself. Except if appropriately rewarded, unattached youngsters grow up with torment and outrage regularly vented on society. The significant danger to connection is partition. A few families don't have the solidarity to adapt to constant pressure and rehashed emergencies. Likely the absolute most significant factor is the foundation of a safe connection to the essential guardian. The safe connection is supported by a protected, loose, upheld mother. Family struggle, savagery and family breakdown that prompts destitution, undermines sound youngster improvement. A mindful parent with sensible desires is well on the way to enable the youngster to build up the idealistic point of view and adapting abilities they need. Newborn children appear to depend on their overseers some time before they can demonstrate connection with crying. In certain medical clinics, babies are booked to get normal possessions and nestling by staff individuals. Newborn children who don't get contact comfort in earliest stages don't flourish and may not endure. On the off chance that the newborn child's physical and ecological needs are met adequately, the baby develo... <!

Kosovo Origins, Developments Outcomes

Question 1 †How ought to Printup consider the division of potential Metabical buyers? Who is the ideal objective purchaser? They should target ladies under 65 particularly (display 2). They appear to be more mindful than men to their weight. Yet, the greater part of the populace (people) are presently increasingly cognizant that getting thinner is significant for wellbeing. We can discuss ordinary clients including youthful and more seasoned ones. Those clients can be isolated in two fragments: Get thinner for wellbeing Get thinner just in the event that it is simple 35% of ordinary clients need effectively to get in shape and need assistance to do as such. We can likewise say that more youthful ladies are progressively intrigued for getting in shape to be pretty though more seasoned ones are intrigued in light of the fact that it is an approach to be more advantageous. There is likewise the clinical client target. They can encourage this medication to their patients. We’ve picked ordinary clients and particularly ladies as the ideal objective for the reasons depicted already. Question 2 †How ought to CSP distinguish and utilize the differential favorable circumstances that Metabical offers to situate itself in the commercial center? To begin with, we can say that there wasn’t a great deal of rivalry in the market around then which speaks to an open door for CSP. Also, it is a simple method to get thinner, a key point that a large portion of clients are searching for. More than that, there is a help program that CSP have created to help and bolster individuals during their getting in shape period. Moreover, it is a less expensive medication than those which as of now exist available. In addition, CSP need to make its item repaid for what it's worth so as to improve people’s wellbeing with the goal that individuals won't need to pay any longer for this medication. There is likewise the way that there is a genuine social emergency in the US because of overweight and it is important to change things. Individuals will be increasingly mindful to get more fit so as to keep away from dismissal from others. There is a genuine segregation about overweight individuals. Question 3 †Given the situating methodology you picked, what might be your correspondence system and IMC blend for every one of your intended interest groups? Since Metabical is another item, so they should tell buyers what they can do and what are their preferences. Perhaps they can pressure their security and adequacy in their ads. In the event that the spending plan permits, they can give some example sack to the individuals who will in general lose their weight, which I assume can tell them the impact of Metabical plainly. As an organization delivering weight reduction sedate, they can put promotions on wellbeing magazines, which can target individuals who are stressing over their corpulence may impact their wellbeing. Elevating to the social insurance suppliers can likewise be a decent decision for Metabical, on the grounds that these individuals can prescribe their items to the individuals coming to counsel wellbeing circumstance. Besides, they may likewise imaginative a sites to advance their items. In this site, they can portray their items in detail and answer the inquiries from buyers. Since there are additionally a ton female utilizing weight reduction sedate only for excellence. So perhaps Metabical can set up a club to show ladies how to cause them to get wonderful, similar to how to make up or how to wear appropriately. Furthermore, during the time spent showing ladies, they can utilize their items as a help. What's more, since they should let shoppers understand that getting in shape is troublesome, yet they can support them. So they can make advertisements on certain games magazines or projects that advise individuals on the off chance that they attempt to shed pounds just by sports or diet, it would be hard and tedious. In single word, Metabical should tell their potential that if individuals are unsatisfied with their weight, Metabical can support them. What's more, they ought to likewise focus on the individuals who care about their wellbeing or seek after magnificence. Contextual analysis: TOMS: One for giving Model Question 1 †Discuss the development of TOMS Shoes: its working model uniqueness, item and brand mindfulness. Claire 1. Working model uniqueness The working model of TOMS is â€Å"One for One† working model. That is for each pair of shoes sold a couple was given to a penniless youngster through shoe drops in creating nations. TOMS framed shoe-giving associations with philanthropic associations proficient about the networks they worked in. Through these organizations the networks that would profit the most from the TOMS approach were recognized. On observing the numerous issues looked by the numerous networks TOMS worked with, TOMS chose to release the capability of the One for One model to address the other human needs that were still neglected. Later in 2011, TOMS propelled its One for One line of eyewear. For each pair of glasses sold TOMS worked with qualified optometrist to give better vision to individuals from oppressed nations. TOMS needs to be something other than a shoe organization, it’s a one-for-one organization. 2. Item and brand mindfulness With the TOMS, clients can produce something for another person while additionally propelling their own design. At the point when clients buy shoes, they can let TOMS finish out the last mile of their own honest goals. It is where the purchasers can keep on procuring fulfillment as the shoe gets worn. Subsequently the shoe drops or giveaways expanded consumer loyalty and faithfulness consequently being the essential segment of the company’s seriousness. 3. Development of TOMS Shoes The fundamental explanation for the accomplishment of TOMS working model was its attention on giving. The story behind the brand and its attention on giving made its clients as its advertiser in this way making it simple to hold great representatives and pull in great accomplices. Also, the purpose behind the mushrooming development of such new businesses was the online networking which made it feasible for social business visionaries, for example, TOMS to spread their message requiring little to no effort. Web based life likewise empowered these business people to enroll the assistance of their clients as their advertisers. Question 2 †What might be the thought processes of clients for purchasing TOMS footwear? Investigate how TOMS model may make both positive and negative perspectives among customers. â€Å"A intention is a develop speaking to an undetectable internal power that invigorates and propels social reaction and give explicit course to that response.† Clients purchasing Toms’ shoes are moved by a glutton inspiration, which is accomplishing something useful for society, as opposed to an utilitarian inspiration which could be purchasing safe wearing shoes. In the event that we investigate Maslow’s progression of requirements: purchasing a straightforward sneakers could be recognized as a wellbeing need though purchasing Toms’ shoes is a self-completion need as clients are satisfying a craving to be valuable and supportive. It is helping them accomplish their goal for being a superior individual. â€Å"Attitudes are relationship between a given article and a given synopsis assessment of the item; affiliations that can differ in quality and, consequently, in their openness from memory.† Potential inspirational demeanor toward TOMS: clients imagining that TOMS helps individuals who need the most (assessment of TOMS). Those will purchase TOMS shoes. Those will feel engaged by â€Å"consum’action†. Potential negative mentality toward TOMS: clients feeling that TOMS business is imperiling nearby makers of shoes and that he cashs in on neediness (showcasing of destitution emerging inquiries of morals). Those will take part in negative WOM. TOMS shoes are believed to be excessively elegant, those shoppers feel to be conditioned. Question 3 †Is TOMS a really government assistance adventure benefit or a benefit persuaded activity in sheep’s garments. Talk about and legitimize There are some basic advices about TOM Company. A few people apparent TOMS as a benefit propelled activity. Indeed, by offering shoes to poor kids nearby individuals stay subordinate from outside assets. From their perspective, TOMS activity provide for poor nations a momentary answer for lift of destitution. Most definitely, we imagine that TOM is a social government assistance adventure on account of all these great activities in poor nations: -  ­Ã¢â‚¬  Shoes appropriating trips sorted out by TOM -  ­Ã¢â‚¬  Partnership with helpful association educated -  ­Ã¢â‚¬  Repeatedly shoe dissemination in poor zone to give shoe for all time to kids In 2010 the organization has appropriated 1 million sets of shoes in Argentina, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Guatemala, Haiti, South Africa and the US. Additionally, TOMS shoes are made in Argentina, this is a wellspring of occupation creation for the nation. It helps Argentina improvement.

MeisterTasks Sexy New Dashboard and More Features to Get Excited About - Focus

MeisterTask’s Sexy New Dashboard and More Features to Get Excited About - Focus Logged on to MeisterTask lately? Noticed that slick new dashboard complete with minimizing capabilities? If not, here’s the breakdown of our latest feature releases: Let’s Start at the Top We’ve replaced the little settings cog that was previously located just below the Quote Welcome widget with a fresh new Customize button. Think of this as your dashboard HQ. Click on it to choose one of our many stunning background images, upload your own or alternatively randomize the selection so that you’ll see a different image every time you login to MeisterTask. What’s more, you can now choose whether to display the Quote Welcome widget or not (that’s the bit that gives you the time). Do this by simply hitting the switch to enable or disable it.   Going for that complete minimalistic look? You can now choose whether or not to display the Time Tracking, My Tasks, and Notifications widgets by simply clicking on the matching icon and either selecting or deselecting it. You can also enable or disable the animation of these columns by heading over to Preferences Appearance. Just ask yourself if you like it swipey? We’ve Upgraded Your Project Duplication Experience You guys have been requesting this for a while and we came through for ya. You can now duplicate more than just your project’s appearance, tasks, tags and attachments! We’ve added in the ability to also duplicate custom fields, watchers and automations that don’t involve integrations with other tools (e.g. Office 365, Slack). We’ve even given you a lovely overview by tweaking the layout a little bit. Fancy huh? (Don’t forget: This is a paid feature and you can only duplicate a project that you have admin rights to.) Yay For Trashed Projects Do you remember when you accidentally deleted a project and had to contact support to get it back again? Those days are gone! We’ve just made it possible for you to locate and restore your trashed projects. You can do this by clicking on the little arrow next to Projects in the left column on your dashboard and then selecting Trashed Projects. Please note: Projects that you’ve trashed will only be stored for 30 days before being deleted automatically. So, what are you waiting for? Head on over to MeisterTask now and check out all the awesome new features for yourself. Get MeisterTaskIsnt it time you simply worked together? Get Started Sign Up Now Get Started MeisterTask’s Sexy New Dashboard and More Features to Get Excited About - Focus Logged on to MeisterTask lately? Noticed that slick new dashboard complete with minimizing capabilities? If not, here’s the breakdown of our latest feature releases: Let’s Start at the Top We’ve replaced the little settings cog that was previously located just below the Quote Welcome widget with a fresh new Customize button. Think of this as your dashboard HQ. Click on it to choose one of our many stunning background images, upload your own or alternatively randomize the selection so that you’ll see a different image every time you login to MeisterTask. What’s more, you can now choose whether to display the Quote Welcome widget or not (that’s the bit that gives you the time). Do this by simply hitting the switch to enable or disable it.   Going for that complete minimalistic look? You can now choose whether or not to display the Time Tracking, My Tasks, and Notifications widgets by simply clicking on the matching icon and either selecting or deselecting it. You can also enable or disable the animation of these columns by heading over to Preferences Appearance. Just ask yourself if you like it swipey? We’ve Upgraded Your Project Duplication Experience You guys have been requesting this for a while and we came through for ya. You can now duplicate more than just your project’s appearance, tasks, tags and attachments! We’ve added in the ability to also duplicate custom fields, watchers and automations that don’t involve integrations with other tools (e.g. Office 365, Slack). We’ve even given you a lovely overview by tweaking the layout a little bit. Fancy huh? (Don’t forget: This is a paid feature and you can only duplicate a project that you have admin rights to.) Yay For Trashed Projects Do you remember when you accidentally deleted a project and had to contact support to get it back again? Those days are gone! We’ve just made it possible for you to locate and restore your trashed projects. You can do this by clicking on the little arrow next to Projects in the left column on your dashboard and then selecting Trashed Projects. Please note: Projects that you’ve trashed will only be stored for 30 days before being deleted automatically. So, what are you waiting for? Head on over to MeisterTask now and check out all the awesome new features for yourself. Get MeisterTaskIsnt it time you simply worked together? Get Started Sign Up Now Get Started

The Civil Rights Of The United States Marine Corps

WWII drew many prominent figures from the city of Philadelphia who made significant impacts and left a legacy of hope and a can-do attitude for the people of today. One such person is Cecil B. Moore, a middle-class African American who fought against social injustices, namely segregation in schools and trade unions. Cecil B. Moore was a political figure, a civil rights activist, avid member of the NAACP and a hero as considered by many. Moore served many years in the United States Marine Corps during the war as an infantry foot soldier. Upon successfully completing his contractual obligations to the corps, Moore migrated to Philadelphia to enroll in Temple University to pursue his law degree with the aid of the GI-Bill, which provided housing stipend and tuition fee to cover his night classes after working through the day. This initiative was brought on by the social injustices Moore endured in the armed forces. Moore witnessed firsthand that blacks and other minorities were not given the same opportunities as whites or the elites. Blacks held the most degrading and arduous military jobs, were barred from advancement in the ranks and were also segregated even while serving. Black soldiers were isolated and received harsher treatments as they were made to feel less than human and certainly unequal to their white counterparts. Moore decided that it was enough to fight a futile war overseas, but to fight with your fellow countrymen and a battle on the home front wasShow MoreRelatedMr. Greene s First Correspondence Of The United States Marine Corps Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesDogs), are deemed to be insignia of the United States and limits their use as shown in this excerpt of the cited Public Law:  §7881. Unauthorized use of Marine Corps insignia (a) The seal, emblem, and initials of the United States Marine Corps shall be deemed to be insignia of the United States. (b) No person may, except with the written permission of the Secretary of the Navy, use or imitate the seal, emblem, name, or initials of the United States Marine Corps in connection with any promotion, goodsRead MoreHow the Movie a Few Good Men and the Play Antigone Found Honor in What1109 Words   |  5 PagesIt is not uncommon for the Civil Law to conflict with Honor. This means that the laws of people, jobs, countries, and duties usually establish a problem with the glory, or respect of people and their self-will, because there are different views of something on each side. This statement is true because many aspects of life involve standing up for what you believe in, while going against the laws of what you have to follow, even though the civil people dont have any patience for any excuses.Read MoreTheu.s. 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The selection processes is designed to seek out the most qualified candidate to accomplish the requirements of the position. Whether it is from one simple phone interview or multiple interviews with differentRead MoreAssignment 3 : Human Resources Management1461 Words   |  6 Pagessituation, including what went right or wrong, and discuss how you would have chosen to deal with the situation, keeping in mind legal and ethical contexts of human resource management. Introduction A recent human resources management incident occurred while serving in my current role as the Assistant Aircraft Maintenance Officer (AAMO) of Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 29 (MALS 29). This problematic situation was the alleged violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act; specifically an Equal EmploymentRead More History of the Marines Essay1814 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of the Marines What do Drew Carey, Gene Hackman, and Lee Harvey Oswald all have in common? They are all, The Few. The Proud. The Marines. Like these young men, many people after high school join one of the many branches of the military. From the U.S. Bureau of Labor, nine out of ten high school graduates go into the military. However with the Marine Corps being the smallest of the branches, only one-fifth of them become Marines. In 2006, according to the Recruit Depot Parris IslandRead MoreThe Battle Of The Marine Corps1858 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States of America was always the greatest nation since it was founded on July 4, 1776. Throughout history the United States of America has always been known as a supreme and elite fighting force on the globe. One of America’s most elite fighting forces and one of the most well known throughout the world is the United States Marine Corps. However the Marine Corps was not always the prestigious group of soldiers like it is known t o be today. In fact, the Marine Corps went through over aRead MoreMcnamara s The Vietnam War1119 Words   |  5 PagesArmy to pull out. 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After receiving surgery for injuries suffered in world war two John used his recovery time to write ‘Profiles in Courage’Read MoreThe War With Great Britain For Their Independence2027 Words   |  9 PagesThe year is 1775 and the American Colonies are at war with Great Britain for their Independence. The Continental Congress would soon sign an article into law, which would authorize the construction of the Navy of the United Colonies of North America. Article 16 of this bill stated that â€Å"A convenient place shall be set apart for sick or hurt men, to be removed with their hammocks and bedding when the surgeon shall advise the same to be necessary: and some of the crew shall be appointed to attend to

Customer Profile Of An Organization - 1251 Words

Understanding Who the Customer Is â€Å"If we don’t have customers we don’t have a job† (Mcknight Booth, p. 26, 2010). In any organization the customer’s expectations must be known and met, and if at possible expectations should be exceeded. To be able to meet customer expectations, it is important to understand what the customer is expecting. When an organization takes the time to understand the customer’s needs, they will find their customers are unique and there is not a one size fits all approach to meeting customer’s needs. Customer Profile One of the first approaches to help understand who the customers are is building customer profiles. Customer profiles are used to describe a customer and are typically used in the marketing†¦show more content†¦The OEM segment is broken down into three segments, agriculture, construction and truck. The next level of segment breakdown is large, medium and small OEM customer, these segments are determined by the total sales the customer has with Eaton. In total the OEM customers consist of nine segments. When the customers are placed into segments, the expectations of those customer segments can be identified. Customer Expectations The expectations of what a customer needs from a supplier needs to be established in the beginning of the relationship building phase. The beginning of the relationship is critical to the success of the supplier with the customer. When establishing the expectations the customer wants from a supplier, the supplier is also presenting what they can do (LaWell, 2010). It is important to be open with the customer if their needs cannot be met, explaining why it needs cannot be meet. When clear expectations are set in the beginning, there is less room for customer dissatisfaction. Delivery Expectation Studies have shown customers expect high on time delivery, however the perceived delivery performance is low (Mattsson, 2004; Forslund Jonsson, 2007). One reason for the disparity in expectation versus perception is the way the delivery performance is measured. Eaton has developed their own way to measure on time delivery performance, the measurement is not

Radio for Education in Bd Free Essays

string(81) " of our communities through actively participating in its creation and delivery\." History of Radio in Bangladesh_ Bangladesh Betar (Bengali: ) or BB is the state-owned radio broadcasting organisation of Bangladesh. It was also known as Radio Bangladesh between 1975 and 1996. Radio transmission in the region now forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on December 16, 1939. We will write a custom essay sample on Radio for Education in Bd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Initially, the station was located in old Dhaka. Later, the station was relocated to Shahbag. It played an important role during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. On March 26, 1971, the broadcasting center of Radio Pakistan was used to transmit a declaration of independence, which was picked up by a Japanese ship in the Chittagong Harbor and retransmitted. During the war, it was known as Shwadhin Bangla Betar Kendro (Independent Bengal Radio Station). Due to heavy shelling, the station had to be relocated several times, and ultimately moved to Calcutta on May 25, from where it would broadcast until the end of the war. On December 6, it was renamed Bangladesh Betar. Today we have 10 radio stations running in Bangladesh. Those are_ * ABC Radio (Bangladesh) * Bangladesh Betar * DHAKA FM 90. * Radio 2fun| * Radio Amar * Radio Dhaka * Radio Foorti * Radio Metrowave * Radio Today * RadioGoonGoon Types of Radio_ ————————————————- FM (Frequency Modulation) Radio Frequency modulation, FM is widely used for a variety of radio communications ap plications. FM broadcasts on the VHF bands still provide exceptionally high quality audio, and FM is also used for a variety of forms of two way radio communications, and it is especially useful for mobile radio communications, being used in taxis, and many other forms of vehicle. n view of its widespread use, frequency modulation, FM, is an important form of modulation, despite many forms of digital transmission being used these days. FM, frequency modulation has been in use for many years. However its advantages were not immediately apparent. In the early days of wireless, it was thought that a narrower bandwidth was required to reduce noise and interference. As FM did not perform well under these conditions, AM predominated and FM was not used. However, Edwin Armstrong, an American engineer looked at the use of wideband FM for broadcasting and introduced the idea against the trend of the thinking of the time. Since its first introduction the use of frequency modulation, FM has grown enormously. Now wideband FM is still regarded as a very high quality transmission medium for high quality broadcasting. FM, frequency modulation is also widely used for communications where it is resilient to variations in signal strength. FM, frequency modulation basics The most obvious method of applying modulation to a signal is to superimpose the audio signal onto the amplitude of the carrier. However this is by no means the only method which can be employed. It is also possible to vary the frequency of the signal to give frequency modulation or FM. It can be seen below that the frequency of the signal varies as the voltage of the modulating signal changes. Concept of frequency modulation The amount by which the signal frequency varies is very important. This is known as the deviation and is normally quoted as the number of kiloHertz deviation. As an example the signal may have a deviation of  ±3 kHz. In this case the carrier is made to move up and down by 3 kHz. ————————————————- Community Radio Community radio stations are community owned and operated entities that serve either localized geographic communities or communities of interest, such as minorities, religious groups and universities. Community radio is unique because the stations are run by the communities themselves. They are owned and managed by the people they serve. The management is usually a small team of paid staff with the programming onducted by volunteers. Unlike commercial stations, community stations are not allowed to run for profit. They must be established as voluntary associations, not-for-profits or trusts. The station’s constitution must say that any profit will be channeled into further developing the station. To ensure the st ations are not run for profit they are usually subject to strict advertising controls. Commonly the regulator stipulates that advertising content ought to be capped to allow, for example, a maximum of five minutes per hour of programming. New stations often start with a public meeting. Members of a community (either geographic or community of interest) come together as a working group to create a   vision for the station, plan programming and develop facilities. Over time, more and more members of the community are recruited and trained (FETAC training is available through) to help out behind the scenes, produce and present programmes reflective of their community and experience. 100 day broadcasting licenses are secured from the BAI and as a track record is built with regards to programming, operations, and community involvement, a multi-year licence becomes available. To operate full licenses, groups constitute themselves as cooperatives or limited companies with no share capital, and a board is elected from the community to manage the station transparently and with accountability in the interests of all. Community Radio has the capacity to reinforce what is good about Irish Society and to help find solutions to its failings. Community Radio facilities individuals, groups, and communities to tell their own diverse stories, to share experiences, and in a media rich world to become active creators and contributors rather than passive consumers. It presents a unique vehicle for the community and voluntary sector, civil society, agencies, NGOs citizens to work in partnership to make a difference. Community Radio offers- * rare and direct media access for all perspectives in our communities,   * the potential for innovation inherent in non-profit, community owned and operated media * Diversity in the provision of programming, especially where there would be insufficient profit for the commercial sector and too much cost for the public service sector. Offers a resurgence of local media highlighting local issues, opinions and voices in contrast to mainstream medias increasingly centralised content production. * The skills, resources and the opportunity to understand media by members of our communities through actively participating in its creation and delivery. You read "Radio for Education in Bd" in category "Papers" * a unique mechanism to engage with social exclusion by acting as a vehicle for outcome-driven personal and p rofessional training and development * a powerful tool in providing services and supports to communities, especially disadvantaged and excluded communities. the opportunity to promote democracy, human rights and sustainability. * a challenge to global media blandness in reinforcing local identities while acting as a catalyst for integration and inclusion. ————————————————- Public Broadcasting Public broadcasting is broadcasting made for the public, funded by the public (through tax) and controlled by the public (through parliament). The defining feature of public broadcasting is its inclusiveness. Public broadcasting must be accessible to all and diverse enough to appeal to all. Unlike state broadcasting, which serves the interests of the state, public broadcasting is uniquely positioned to serve the public in all its diverse forms. Further, public service broadcasters (PSBs) are protected from political and commercial pressures, which positions them to best serve the public’s rights to freedom of expression and freedom of information. This is why public broadcasting has such a crucial role to play in democratic societies. Defining features of public service broadcasting: * Accessible to all * Serving the public interest in all its shapes Emphasis on quality, balance and impartiality * Provisions for minorities * Commitment to education of the public * Freedom to produce challenging and controversial programming * Independent from political and commercial interference * Forum for expression of national cultural identity Independence of a public broadcaster is vital: independence for the board and editorial independence for management. Securing indepen dence means overcoming the prevailing mindset among those in power that the airwaves belong to the state. MISA believes the independence of a public service broadcaster in Swaziland will only be ensured if it is guaranteed in law. MISA is advocating for such a law to include the following: * A description of the composition of the PSB board to ensure it is broadly representative of the public and excludes office bearers with the state and people with financial interests in broadcasting; * A public and transparent board appointments procedure that minimizes political and commercial interference; * A stipulation that no one has a right to influence the work of the board; * Editorial freedom for the PSB management; Accountability of the PSB is to the public through parliament, not an individual minister or ministry; * An adequate and secure funding mechanism that protects from arbitrary interference. For more detail on public service broadcasting law see the Article 19 Model Public Service Broadcasting Law under Law Reform. MISA calls on the government to: * Enact legislation establishing a public broadcasting entity, recognizing its full independence and public service mandate. * Conduct organizational restructure allowing the merger of television and radio with one independent board to develop the organizational policy. Allow editorial policies that capture the unique responsibilities of public broadcasting. * Ensure training of management and staff on the ethos and purpose of public broadcasting. * Secure a reliable funding mechanisms that will support program diversity and innovation. ————————————————- Campus Radio Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college, university or other educational institution. Programming may be exclusively by students, or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide an alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters. Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and so have very different characteristics from one country to the next. One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness — or, in some countries, even a licensing requirement — to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits. Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends, including genres such as punk and New Wave, alternative rock, indie rock and hip hop, long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream. Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists. Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), and spoken word programming as well as general music. Often the radio format is best described as a freeform, with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts. A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet. Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air, many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting, closed circuit or carrier current systems, often to on-campus listeners only. Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station. Some universities and colleges broadcast one or more Internet radio feeds — either instead of, or in addition to a campus radio station — which may differ in radio formats significantly from licensed traditional campus radio. ———————————————— Internet Radio Internet Radio – Internet Radio describes a technical achievement which allows audio to be digitized and split into small pieces for transmission across the Interent. The ultimate effect is to create the illusion of â€Å"radio†. The audio i s â€Å"streamed† through the Internet from a server in one location and reassembled on the listener’s end by a software player on a computer or Internet Radio receiver. Internet Radio is not really radio by the traditional definition but an incredible simulation. This term also describes the conglomeration of streaming audio which is available on the Internet which can be listened to by using a software player or browser which supports streaming audio. In another way, an audio broadcasting service that is transmitted through the Internet. Internet radio is similar in nature to Internet broadcasting, also called webcasting. However, those listening to the continuous stream audio broadcast have no control over the stream, similar to traditional radio broadcasting. Many radio stations worldwide offer their broadcast via Internet radio to a worldwide audience. Today dedicated hardware devices, commonly called Web radio or Internet radio appliances  , can be purchased that connect to a home network and then to the Internet to play live audio streams. Internet radio is also called e-radio. The benefits of an internet radio_ More station choice An internet radio gives you access to more than FM or DAB digital radio, including some foreign language stations. Find new stations The menus on an internet radio enable you search by different methods including by genre. So you could search for all of the rock stations available and find new stations that play the types of music you love. Podcasts and BBC listen again You can access podcasts from BBC and commercial stations and just as you might use listen again on BBC iPlayer or Radio player on your computer, you can access listen again to   shows through an internet radio, too. Music player/ media sharing Most internet radios have a music player mode for streaming music from devices on your home network. If you keep your music collection on your computer at home you can use the radio’s screen to choose music from your collection and listen using the radio’s speakers. Forget DAB reception Internet radio works using your internet connection. It doesn’t rely on getting a signal from a transmitter the way DAB and FM do, so it doesn’t matter if DAB reception is poor where you live – you can get your digital radio fix via the internet. Education System in Bangladesh The education system and structure of Bangladesh  has three major stages-primary, secondary and higher educations. Primary education is a 5-year cycle while secondary education is a 7- year one with three sub-stages: 3 years of junior secondary, 2 years of secondary and 2 years of higher secondary. The private schools also receive strong financial support from the state. The tertiary education (3-5 years) is provided through universities (31 public and 51 private universities) and affiliated colleges under supervision of University Grants Commission. Establishment of private universities has gained momentum in recent years. At all levels, students can choose the medium of education from Bangla or English. The Ministry of Education is the supreme state office for education which again is subdivided in different directorates for each level while running numerous development projects (Education Projects and Technical projects). According to the article 17 of the Constitution, all the children of Bangladesh are supposed to receive full free education up to secondary level. Secondary and higher secondary schools are affiliated under  ten (10) education boards. The boards administer two public examinations – one is the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination and the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Examination. The higher secondary schools are known as colleges. There are also Madrasah (religiously inclined) and English medium schools which are enrolled under Madrasah Education Board and Foreign Education Board respectively. Besides this, a Technical Education Board has been established to administer the vocational training schools at post-secondary level in Education Board. The National Curriculum and Textbook Board is the authority to develop, approve and manage the curriculum and text books for primary, junior, secondary and higher secondary level. Government has also established Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS) which keeps educational information at all levels. Bangladesh Government has published an Education Policy which is developed based on the inputs taken from different education commissions over the years. There are also many non-profit organizations which operate informal and semi-formal education for underprivileged children under supervision of Bureau of Non-formal Education. Linking Radio with Education Due to potential diversity, the CR technology can most effectively be used for non formal education for adult people, awareness programs, youth development programs, local community knowledge sharing, recycling of knowledge, ethnic community preservation programs and in areas, where density of population is sparse, where access to school is difficult like char (land within a river) and hilly areas of the country and also isolated places because of less access to road or other communication, and where access of qualified teachers are very few. Sweeney and Parlato (1982, p. 3) stated, â€Å"Radio plays an effective educational role both as the sole medium or in conjunction with print and group support†. So, Community Radio has a prospect for education expansion and community schools. Community Radio can also help, develop and mobilize social capital. This technology is cheaper too. For example, Interactive Radio Instruction (IRI) is a well-tested teaching and dissemination metho d that is inexpensive, accessible and flexible. In Africa, Community Radio has speeded up and expended the process of information exchange. The second goal of MDGs is to achieve universal primary education. Education is the backbone and foundation for a nation. This is one of the fundamental goals as Nobel Lauriat’s Amarta Sen argues, â€Å"Development is freedom and education is the royal road of freedom† (Daniel, 2006). As most developing countries underscore its educational potential and importance, many writers have proposed that educational radio can be most effective when supported by trained facilitators, group learning, group discussion, feedback and the use of multimedia approaches, thus interactive and independent learning help develop social software which is considered essential for quality education. The dynamic potential of radio in motivating listeners to take action, modifying behavior, and undertaking activities is evident in the literature thus far. ————————————————- Distance Learning Learning is the liberating force of human development and every individual has a right to education. To serve the aforesaid considerations, ODL helps create democratization in education for flexible learning system. In ODL, student centered teaching approach is used. Tutors and learners are hysically separated in the system, and distance education institutes usually use technology like state-owned Radio and Television for a particular time to disseminate contents of learning to the learners, which might not be effective and accessible to all distance learners due to inflexible time allocation. Since CR is covering a limited geographical area and focusing on the local needs, culture an d social events, educational and academic programs can be incorporated into the CR programs at any time of any location as it is more flexible than national broadcasting. In addition, distance education institutes have long experiences in using the technology of Radio and TV. They can apply their experience for CR on segment base as well as programs base. Most distance learning organizations generally have several outlets for tutorial or other instructional services in distant and remote areas. Having their own infrastructures, these distant teaching outlets could be turned into Community Radio Learning Centers (CRLC) for the open and distance learning institutes and these stations can be worked as local facilitators for the academic programs of both formal and non-formal education. Anyanwk (1978 p. 15-16) mentions, â€Å"Through collective listening, discussion, and the use of audio-visual aids, the radio can contribute substantially to the process of transformation of agricultural traditions, as well as some social and economic attitudes in general†. Radio has been used extensively as an educational medium in developing countries like India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, South Korea, Mali, Guatemala, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Uganda, Mexico, Philippines and also proved its impact and efficiency in health, agriculture and other development issues. ———————————————— Open University Radio-based educational opportunities are very much commensurate with the delivery system of ODL. After 15 years of the establishment of the Bangladesh Open University (BOU), it has accumulated huge resources in terms of technology and media oriented human resource and in frastructures to put forward a new look to the Community Radio applications. Bangladesh Open University needs to adopt the segment base strategies to provide education for all. The case of Bangladesh is similar as to Louw’s (Paris, France 2007) statement, â€Å". to ensure that communities who have been denied access to resources, take part in producing ethical, creative and responsible radio that encourages them to communicate with each other, to take part in decisions that affect their lives, and to celebrate their own cultures†. The reason for establishing Bangladesh Open University nearly echoes Louw’s statement as in the Mission statement, of the BOU Act 1992 envisages that â€Å"the objectives of the University shall be to expand all levels of education, knowledge and science by a diversity of means, including the use of any communication technology to improve the quality of education and to provide opportunities for education to the general public through mass-orientation of education and to create efficient manpower by improving the quality of education in general†. To accomplish these goals of BOU mission statement, it is no denying the fact that BOU needs immediate steps for adopting the Community Radio approach. In terms of preparation, BOU has Media Centre fully equipped with the transmission equipment, full-fledged radio recording studios, editing suites, portable radio recorders and modern radio broadcasting technology. However, BOU has already sought the permission from the Government for having its own frequency allocation. ———————————————— Adult Education About adult education Dhaka University VC Prof Arefin was highlighting on the role of mass media in the socio-economic and the educational development of a developing country. His message was that both the print and broadcast media can play a vital role in enhancing education in a developing country. It can shape and create public opinion towards on related issues by applying its strength and bring changes among individual. Bangladesh is now in a state of â€Å"Media Expansion†, we have lot of TV and radio channels and every day new channels are coming. Broadcasting media is the most common popular media in our country. In the cases of developing countries, like Bangladesh, implementation of education fully depends on appropriate use of broadcasting media technology. And the government as well as private organizations are using Radio and television for meeting these demands. A significant result has already been achieved in the field of mass education of Bangladesh by using broadcasting media. All the TV and Radio channels present various educational programs for the students. These programs become very popular in the country. Bangladesh is now in a state of media expansion. A large number of people here depend on newspapers and broadcast media for entertainment. But media also has an important educational role: Adult students from rural even from city areas can take lesson from watching certain television programs Like â€Å"BBC Janala How to cite Radio for Education in Bd, Papers

Strength of Complex Adaptive Project-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyse the strength and weaknesses associated with the complex adaptive project. Answer: Introduction: The project as a complex adaptive system means that the project is composed of interaction between various agents and terminology. The purpose of this paper is to review the effects of changes on the organizational delivery process and functionality. The literature review helps in understanding the project as an adaptive complex system. In this paper we are looking forward to highlights the strength and weaknesses in adapting or changing project terminology according to the business requirement. A project is an amalgamation of different units which works together to achieve the goal of the enterprise. The behaviour and processes of the project adapt in relation to the project demand and innovation in the new trends and technology (Schilling, Beese, Haki, Aeir, and Winter, 2014). The development of the project is treated as a complex adaptive system because various units work together following their own rules and principles to achieve the single target set for bringing efficiency in the working culture of enterprise. The complexity of the project gets increased with the management of interrelationship and integration between different units. Organizational context: The ABC Grocery food store is facing problems in handling processes at the food store due to the expansion of the business to various cities. The owner of the company is not able to synchronise the effective working of the food store. As a project manager, I am looking forward to bring transformation in the working culture of the enterprise according to the changing trends and technology to carry out business activities (Bentley and Stacey, 2010). The adaptive policies are the framework which support project to bring changes in the working platform. The complexity of the project gets increased with the adaption of new technology frequently. The profit of the organization can be increased with the use of effective technology to get quality product. The growth of the organization depend on it capacity to bring changes in its functional operation (Casella, Tongeren, and Nikolic, 2015). Literature Review: From the literature review, we are able to analyse that the operational functionality of the enterprise get affected by the evolution of new technology. The complexity of the project increases due to the inclusion of social, legal, cultural, political, and economic factors (Furneaux, Brown, and Gudmundsson, 2009). The flow of the communication is the major problem in the complex project. The complex adaptive system is comprised of some characteristics such as the development of the relationship among the events and its effects on the corresponding unit, perception of the project manager in detecting proactively occurrence of risks associated with the change, association of the roles and responsibilities to the related subordinates, changing demand of the customer, uniformity in the allocation of resources, quantification in the generation of new ideas and opinion, and others. The complexity and uncertainty of occurrence of risks are associated with project based organization. The com plexity of the project means that it is the amalgamation of professional expert in multi-discipline, increasing number of employees, installation of new hardware and software according to the requirement of the project, diversity in the flow of information, duration of time required to finish the job, and association of internal and external parties. The Project as a complex adaptive system is comprised of six properties which are classified as non-linear approach in managing interaction between different discipline, interdependency of various unit in completing their business operation, scaling of the processes involved, emerging changes in the functionality of the processes due to the inclusion of new and advanced technology, integration in the management of chaos and distraction which exist between participating unit, and cooperation and coordination among the business activities and processes (Pedro, Villagrasa, Quinteiro, and Navarro, 2017). The following table shows how the project as a complex adaptive system is beneficial for the organization growth. Characteristics Description Interaction between processes The complexity of the system depends on the interaction and interrelationship among the different coordinating units presented in the working culture of the organization. The dynamic behaviour of the components makes the operational environment of the enterprise feasible (Kautz, 2012) Emergence with the innovation The behaviour of the agents are affected with the prediction of changes required in the components according to the innovation. Integration between autonomous units The coordination and cooperation can be effectively managed between various units of the enterprise. The proactive perception of the risks helps in the smooth functioning of the operational plan of the process without any hindrance Self-organization activities The integration between internal and external units helps in the optimal synchronization of process environment in various disciplines of the business portal. The control management system can be effectively drawn on the collection of processes to self organized them according to the requirement plan. Co-evolution of the deployed processes The feasibility analysis of the laid down processes helps in analysing the requirement which has to be equipped in the system for increasing its functionality. The adaptation to the new system helps in attaining the specific goal of the enterprise which in turn increases the satisfaction level of the stakeholders. Time Management The activity schedule of the project should be equipped with the time line chart so that the particular activity should be completed within the period of prescribed time. The completion of activity within the time line helps in providing space to the innovative processes which can be involved in the working culture of the enterprise (Onix, Fielt, and Gable, 2017) From the above discussion, it has been noticed that the key concept of the complex adaptive system is to organize the activity according to the changes required in the implemented system. The integration and communication between various participating units in contrast to external and internal affairs results into correlation and coordination among them effectively which in turn provides quality work at the completion of the project cycle (Foster, Weiwiora, Chang, and Tywoniak, 2015). The capabilities of the team members can be increased with the interdependency of the project activities. There are some weaknesses associated with the project as complex adaptive system because the advancement in the change policy due to the innovation in trends and technologies can result into the increasing level of complexity among the processes involved in accomplishing the project goals. The chaos and conflicts can occurred in the employees due to inefficiency in retrieving desired result due to the change in processes. Sometimes, the employees are not able to adapt themselves according to the requirement of the project. The incapability of adapting themselves correspondent to the innovation raises the feeling of demotivation which can be observed in their work quality. The decreasing efficiency of the team members can directly affect the success of the project completion with desired quality outcome (Edson, 2015). The application of the complex adaptive system helps in providing strength to the working capability of the organization. The seven principles of the adaptive system help in improving the functionality of the project. It works on the principle of getting knowledge of the outcome according to the processes involved in completing the project goal, emphasis is given on the development of strategic plans, innovation in process design, testing of the efficiency of the changes done in the system, breaking down of the project processes into smaller module and phases, deployment of processes to fulfil the requirement, management of the communication process, and division of roles and responsibility according to the skills and expertise of the team members (Wallis, 2015). Recommendation The study of the literature review, helps in analysing the strength and weaknesses associated with the project as a complex adaptive system. It is recommended that the adoption of complex adaptive system prepares the project for bringing innovation in the processes undertaken for getting quality result. The diversification in the business processes can be effectively involved with the association of innovation in different discipline of the project. The self-organization of the processes helps in completing the project within desired time and quality. The innovation in the working platform of the organization helps in managing the project activities with efficiency which results into increasing profit with respect to the market competitors in the global market. The decision making capability of the project manager can be enhanced with the utilization of the new processing environment. The social relationship with the internal and external parties helps in providing better result of t he processes undertaken. The skills and expertise of the human resources can be improved by indulging innovative working platform which makes use of new technology and trends. The working process of the ABC Company can be enhanced by approaching the adoption of information system for managing the operation performed at different site location of the grocery food store. The inclusion of distributive system helps in getting knowledge of incidents and working program occurred at different site of the company. The managerial process can be effectively laid down for handling the business process to get effective result in the management of food items at the grocery store. The shared management system helps in resolving the issues of complexities which exist with the traditional working of the enterprise (Eduardo, Sato, Dergint, and Hatakeyama, 2015). The project as a complex adaptive system can be applied to every project because it helps in making the business tactics innovative according to the requirement of trends in global market. The adaptability of the project helps in improving the business process for getting quality work. The integration between diffe rent agents helps in completing the project within approved budget and prescribed time. Conclusion The analysis of the business processes helps in concluding that the project as a complex adaptive system is beneficial for improving the business activities and undertaken processes which in turn increases the profitability of the enterprise. The integration and communication between various participating units in contrast to external and internal affairs results into correlation and coordination among them effectively which in turn provides quality work at the completion of the project cycle. The development of the project is treated as a complex adaptive system because various units work together following their own rules and principles to achieve the single target set for bringing efficiency in the working culture of enterprise. References: Bentley, D., and Stacey, R. (2010). The potential for applying complex adaptive theory to the process of estimating in the construction industry. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/92d1/a10a0785eae00a9cb644fa2f222e0f25a1cf.pdf [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Casella, D., Tongeren, S., and Nikolic, I. (2015). Change in complex adaptive system. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/084-201605wp_literaturereview05_11.pdf [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Edson, M. (2015). A Complex adaptive system view of resilience in a project team. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/sres.2153 [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Eduardo, C., Sato, Y., Dergint, D., and Hatakeyama. (2015). A Project based organization as a complex adaptive system. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251874050_Project-Based_Organizations_as_Complex_Adaptive_Systems [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Foster, L., Weiwiora, A., Chang, A., and Tywoniak, S. (2015). How does complex adaptive system theory inform innovation in complex project based organization. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290567005_How_does_Complex_Adaptive_System_theory_inform_Innovation_in_Complex_Project_Based_Organisations [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Furneaux, C., Brown, K, and Gudmundsson. (2009). Managing infrastructure transitions: A complex adaptive system perspective. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/27041/1/27041(2).pdf [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Kautz, K. (2012). Information system development project as Complex adaptive system. Australian Conference on International Journal, 3(5). 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.848.1646rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Onix, M., Fielt, E., and Gable, G. (2017). Towards a complex adaptive system a roadmap for information system research. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/111590/1/pacis%20-%202017%20-%20Towards%20a%20Complex%20Adaptive%20Systems%20Roadmap%20for%20Information%20Systems%20Research.pdf [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Pedro, J., Villagrasa, R., Quinteiro, M., and Navarro, J. (2017). Teams as complex adaptive system. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1046496417713849 [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Schilling, R., Beese, J., Haki, K., Aeir, S., and Winter, R. (2014). Revisiting the impact of information system architecture complexity: A complex adaptive system perspective. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/252518/1/RevisitingTheImpactOfInformationSystemsArchitectureComplexity.pdf [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018]. Wallis, S. (2015). A study of complex adaptive system as Defined. 1st ed. [ebook]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283290832_A_STUDY_OF_COMPLEX_ADAPTIVE_SYSTEMS_THEORY_AS_DEFINED_BY [Accessed 06 Apr. 2018].

Business Opportunities and Implications for an Organization to Enter Into South Africa

Executive Summary South Africa is the leading economy in the African continent. It gained its independence in 1994 from the Dutch who had took over power from British government in 1910. The country is the focal of Africa. It was the first African nation to host FIFA World Cup in 2010. This country has the highest number of languages considered by the government as official (eleven languages).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Business Opportunities and Implications for an Organization to Enter Into South Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has varied cultural background because of the numerous tribes it has. Some of the cultural values are prohibitive to specific type trade, while others are supportive. The political environment of this country has been very stable. The political class has been very supportive of foreign investments in various fronts. This has seen many firms’ growth. The legal system is also very welcoming to foreign investment. There are a few formalities that any foreign firm may need to take. The process of getting the trade permit is simple and short. The economic structure of the country is another factor that makes this country attractive to foreign investment. Although there are a few individuals who are super rich, having amassed most of the country’s wealth, the other populace is still economically viable. The best approach to get into this market is to adopt target marketing technique. Each market segment should be determined based on their wealth and cultural values that affects their purchasing habits. Brief overview of country and main issues South Africa is the leading economy in the entire continent of Africa. It has a population of about 51 million people. According to a report by Tarp and Brixen (1996, p. 78), South Africa has a strong economy when compared to other countries in this region. This can partly be attributed to the fac t that this nation gained its independence from the British rule as early as 1910. Although the Dutch remained in power, they took citizenship of this country and as such, the resources of this country were not taken away to the European countries. Another factor that has ensured that this country has a strong economy is its rich natural resources. South Africa is the world’s largest gold exporter. Gold is a very precious metal and it fetches good money in the international market. Other sectors of the economy are also equally developed. The country has the best infrastructure in Africa, especially after hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The transport sector was upgraded, and so were other sectors like communication, banking and other social amenities. The country has some of the best harbors in this region (Best 2009, p. 98). Since the time the blacks took over power in 1994, the country has relatively been peaceful, save for the xenophobia that was witnessed in the late 2009 following economic downturn in the world that affected this country. Amidst all these positivity, the country experiences a great difference in the distribution of wealth. The wealth of this country is held by a few individuals, leaving the majority wallowing in poverty. This has greatly affected the purchasing power of the people of this country, as discussed below. This paper seeks to conduct a survey of this country’s business environment in order to ascertain its viability to sustain business ventures. Cultural Context South Africa is very rich in culture. Majority of this population are the blacks, making up 80 percent of the entire population. The whites make 9 percent and so are the colored. The Asians make up 2 percent of the country’s populace. Among the Africans, there are various tribes each with its own cultural practices. There are the Zulu’s who are the majority, the Xhosas, Swazis, the Ndebele, the Sotho, Venda, Tswana and the Tsonga. The country has about eleven official languages, most of them Africa languages, other than English and Afrikaans. The African cultural values are still cherished in this country. For instance, many of the African cultures values children and this would make men marry many wives. Although this is advantageous to the business world in that it increases the target population, it has an equal negative effect because the little wealth that is available has to be spread among the many, making their purchasing power very low. The current president of this country, Jacob Zuma is such typical African. A Zulu by tribe, this president has married several wives as a symbol of being true to his culture. Some of these cultural practices may be a hindrance to business while others may be beneficial.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Busin ess Opportunities and Implications for an Organization to Enter Into South Africa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among some societies for instance, traditional medicine is highly encouraged as opposed to the pharmaceutical ones. This has had negative impact on the sale of laboratory drugs because the population does not believe in them. Conversely, the sale of electronics has been boosted by the cultural practices of this country. Most of the African cultures have close family ties. They stay as a large society, always concerned about the others welfare. As such, such electronic products like cell phones that enable communication have been a great welcome. The social media has also received an equally high acceptance among the locals. As such, items like the iPad, iPhone, and computers in general have found good market in South Africa. Most of the country’s cultural practices have been influenced by the west because of the in creased interactivity between Africans of this country and the west. Such products as the Hollywood movies are very popular among the youths. There is a shift in the cultural practices of the country’s citizens, especially among the youths. Because of the influence from the west as fostered by various channels, the youths are abandoning some cultural practices that were highly valued by different tribes of this nation for the western culture which to them is more liberal and less restrictive. Their dressing code is changing and as such, business firms that operate in this industry have come to realize that those dresses that are in demand in the American markets would fetch good prices in this country, especially among the youths who want to imitate the west in almost everything. Political/Legal context South Africa was one of the most attractive colonies in the entire African region because of its rich resources. During the scramble and partition of Africa, the British gover nment took this country as one of its colony. In 1990, the Dutch declared self governance and took over power. They presided over a government that was highly racial. Africans, the whites, the colored and the Asians had their own facilities that were not to be shared. The whites had the best infrastructural facilities and other amenities, while the blacks, who were the majority, had the worst (Fifield 2007, p. 78). This was called the apartheid governance. This has had a great effect in the political structure of this country even today. Although the governance of the country currently is purely on a democratic front, there is still a great mistrust between the whites and the blacks. The conservative whites, who were forced out of the government because of the strong wave of change, still harbor the feeling that they deserve to be treated better than any other race in this country. On the other hand, the blacks are still suspicious of the whites following the oppressive rule that th e whites had made them undergo.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is a source of tension, and although the country’s political environment has been very stable since the onset of democratic rule in 1994, there is fear that this tension could deteriorate to violence as was witnessed in 2009. The law of this land has liberalized trade. Investors who may wish to invest in this country have to undergo a few formalities to open up business units in the country. Economic context South Africa has a sound economic structure. According to a report by Roux (2005, p. 67), South Africa is the leading producer of gold in the world. This industry employs many of the country’s nationals as miners of the product, transporters, traders and many other positions. It is the main foreign exchange product for the country. This country has a well developed agricultural sector. Most of the food products consumed locally is found locally. It also exports some of its agricultural products to other African countries. The fishing industry is also developed , especially on the high seas. Other industries are also well developed. Despite all these economic prosperity that this country seems to enjoy, there is one major problem with the economic structure of this nation. The country’s economic system is controlled by the minority. Though rated Africa’s best economy, the wealth is in the hands of a few individuals. These individuals cannot manage to spend all the wealth they have, and at the same time fear that a moment may come where the government may put them to task to explain their source of wealth. As such, they have kept this wealth in European nations where they know that they would be safe from any investigation. This has left the larger population in object poverty. They cannot afford many luxuries in life. To others, even the basics are a problem. To an investor, the large population of the country and the huge gross domestic product may be very attractive. However, the reduced purchasing power of this high popula tion is a huge impediment to growth of business units in the country. Conclusion and recommendation South Africa is one of the most attractive destinations for investors. It is one of the fastest growing economies among the developing nations. The political structure of this nation has been its main strength. The country has experienced a stable political environment since the Africans took over power from the Dutch. This has provided business opportunities to many investors because of total absence of strife. Save for the little xenophobic behavior that was witnessed a few years ago for about a week, the country has been a safe place to invest in. The political class has avoided interrupting with the business units. The ruling party ANC (African National Congress), which has been in power since independence, has had friendly policies towards foreign investors coming to this country. The economic structure of the country is also very attractive. Although the country has its wealth w ith the minority, it is still economically viable. The remaining population is still attractive enough to make a good market. The rich minority can also make attractive market segment for goods of ostentation like top of the range cars. The social structure is another factor that can facilitate trade. The cultural practices of the majority of the residents would facilitate trade in such products as electronics and clothing. With the legal structure that is not prohibitive of foreign investment, investors have the best opportunity to invest in this country’s various sectors. Recommendations To succeed in this environment, the following factors are strongly recommended to ensure prosperity for firm. Any foreign firm should avoid any practice that would be a sign that they favor a certain section of the community as this would be a strong reminder to this society of the apartheid rule which is abhorred by many of the citizens It is advisable to have a deep knowledge of the sect or one is planning to invest in. The investment should be that which can be supported by the chosen sector. The investors should adhere to the legal structures that the country has put in place regarding the trade in the country Target marketing is highly encouraged. This is because this country has people of different cultures and with different amounts of wealth. The rich should be targeted with specific products and so are the middle class and the poor. Similarly, the cultural practice of the specific tribes of this country may dictate the type of product that would be most preferable to them. List of References Best, RJ 2009, Market-Based Management Strategies for Growing Customer value and Profitability, Pearson, New Jersey. Fifield, P 2007, Marketing Strategy: The Difference between Marketing and Markets, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Roux, A 2005, Everyone’s Guide to the South African Economy, Zebra, Cape Town. Tarp, F Brixen, P 1996, The South African Econ omy: Macroeconomic Prospects for the Medium Term, Routledge, New York. This case study on Business Opportunities and Implications for an Organization to Enter Into South Africa was written and submitted by user Trey Love to help you with your own studies. 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stealing of music is it legit essays

stealing of music is it legit essays Laws are partly formed for the sake of good men, in order to instruct them how they may live on friendly terms with one another, and partly for the sake of those who refuse to be instructed, whose spirit cannot be subdued, or softened, or hindered from plunging into evil. (Plato 427 BC - 347 BC). Music sharing has become the hottest, most popular thing now-a-days for teens and college students across the nation. This idea is now caught in between a war of lawyers, record companies, and courts. Music companies are independent companies charging for music and creating law-suits against anyone stealing music. Online sharing is an excellent way to preview music before one would decide to buy it because if there arent any songs that arent liked by the listener then they would decide to buy the single and not waste money buying a whole album of an artist that they wouldnt like. But that idea is frowned upon by the music industry. One may ask why, because of online music sharing services such as Napster or Kazaa. People that use Napster think that downloading music is a way of sharing. People get things for free by sharing all the time. Ever since the advent of tape recorders, copy machines, and VCRs, people have been doing it, and sharing their copies with others. The users of Napster say there are many reasons to use Napster. The accessibility of Napster is very easy. Most songs are even available before they come out in stores. Many of the people that download music are testing music, and buying it later. Downloading a song takes about an average of 4 minutes on a regular computer. There are many other things to do besides download music. People also use Napster for many other things besides downloading music; they use it for things such as chatting to people who have the same interest in music as them and downloading software and games. ...

Neurotransmitters and Their Relation to Intelligence Essay

Neurotransmitters and Their Relation to Intelligence - Essay Example Wechsler (1944) sets the more widely accepted definition, as he describes intelligence as "the aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment". From a neurological perspective, the anatomical localization of the neurological processes that give rise to intelligence is generally considered to be the Wernicke's area, located in the superior temporal gyrus, an area of the brain not only related to language and speech, but also to logical and abstract thought. This was determined by research done on patients that have lost their higher intellectual functions when their Wernicke's area. Guyton claims that the prefrontal association area is also associated with intelligence, but not to a great extent. Neurotransmitters in essence represent chemical messengers of the neural circuits and pathways, and in combination with the synapses, represent the physiological method of communication between neurons. In the synapses, the neurotransmitter is released from a pre-synaptic neuron and bonds with receptors on the post-synaptic neuron. It should be noted that there are many types of neurotransmitters, each found in specific areas of the nervous system and therefore, each has a specific action.

Library Information Studies-The Information Society (Unit)-Essay Assignment

Library Information Studies-The Information Society (Unit)-Essay ( )-Is Australia an information society - Assignment Example According to Boyd and Ellison (2007), the network society is comprised of production, power and experience, which build a culture of virtuality in the universal surges that transcend time and space. Since the latter years of the twentieth century, it has become humdrum for critics to announce that the world we live in is an information society. Therefore, if this is wholly genuine, then we must certainly have key ramifications for the information sciences. It is beyond hesitation that social concerns impinge upon the work of information intellectuals and professionals similarly. As we look at the definitions of what an information society is, it is important that we first put into account the nature of, and standard for, an information society (Bawden & Robison, 2012). According to Bawden and Robinson (2012), the most objective perception of the information society is founded on economics. Thus, when most of the economic activity and assets of a community is based on insubstantial, information based goods and products, then it appears justifiable to explain this as an information society. An analogous case is founded on occupations. Bowen and Robison (2012), assert that when people are employed as information employees, as opposed to manual workers, then the community should be termed as an information society. Whereas these economic and occupational assumptions appear collectively persuasive, they have been dismissed on a number of grounds, most specifically since supporters of the perceptions have the tendencies to espouse a vague, and may be irrationally extensive perceptions of what may be considered as information society. Bawden and Robison (2012), thus far argues that this is an option, and may be the most popular explanation based on technology. When a community has adequately dominant and extensive information and communication technologies,

Analysis of Cherry Flavour using GC-MS

Analysis of Cherry Flavour using GC-MS Tziamourani Athanasia Analysis of cherry flavour using GC-MS and development of a recombinate Cherry is one of the most important fruits globally and a non-climacteric stone fruit, mainly grown in temperate climate countries. The most important factors that contribute to the uniqueness of cherry include skin colour, sweetness (sugar content), sourness (organic acid content), fruit firmness, fruit weight and aroma. The compounds that contribute to the final aroma of cherry represent a very small portion, only 0.01% 0.001% of the fruit fresh weight, but have a substantial impact on its quality (Zhang et al., 2007; Vavoura et al., 2015). Aroma is one of the most valuable attributes of cherries which may affect the consumer acceptance of the fruit and is a result of a complex mixture of chemical compounds, such as esters, alcohols, aldehydes, organic acids, ketones, terpenes, etc. (Valero and Serrano, 2010). According to the literature, most of the studies examined cherry fruit have used various techniques for extraction and analysis of the compounds. These methods include stati c and dynamic head space analysis, supercritical CO2 extraction and solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Bernalte et al., 1999; Malaman et al., 2011; Vavoura et al., 2015). Scientists used these have conclude that SPME with GC-MS is the simplest, most rapid and effective method to analyse fruit volatiles (Zhang et al., 2007; Li et al., 2008; Vavoura et al., 2015). This review will examine the existing researches on the compounds present in cherry fruit that contribute to its flavour and on the methods that applied to obtain them. Origin of cherry Cherry fruit belongs to the Rosaceae family, which also includes other fruits such as peaches, apricots and plums. Cherries are available in many species, but two of them are selected for human consumption, the sweet cherry which is a direct descendant of the wild cherry Prunus avium and the sour cherry Prunus cerasus. Those two species differ largely in taste and thus they are considered to be separate species (Wen et al., 2014). A ripe cherry fruit has bright shiny pale to deep red or purple colour with very thin peel, but there are some cultivars that produce yellow fruit. The colour, aroma, taste and health properties of cherries have made them very popular and greatly appreciated. Sweet cherries are cultivated mainly for fresh consumption because they are highly perishable and have short fruiting seasons. Although, they are processed into jam, juice and wine (Revell, 2008; Wen et al., 2014). Wild cherry is originated from Europe, Northwest Africa, Western Asia, from the British Isles south to Morocco and Tunisia and east to Southern Sweden, Poland, Ukraine, Caucasus and northern Iran (Revell, 2008). Cherry flavour Flavour is the sensation produced by a material taken in the mouth and perceived principally by the chemical senses of taste and smell. The sense of taste is detected by five basic tastes on the human tongue which are sweet, bitter, sour, salty and lately discovered umami taste (Taylor and Mottram, 1996). According to Fisher and Scott (1997), the resulting flavour of fruit are a blend of the sweetness due to sugars such as glucose, fructose and sucrose and the sourness of organic acids, such as citric and malic acids. However, it is the aroma of the different volatile components of fruits that allow us to distinguish among them. Flavour of each fruit is a complicated area, as every attribute is a result of specific interactions between various compounds present in fruit like sugars, phenolics, organic acids and more specialised flavour compounds including an extensive range of aroma volatiles (Tucker, 1993). The differences in the type and proportion of these compounds produced have an impact on the distinctive flavour and aroma of a particular fruit. The concentration of these constituents which included in cherries shows a fluctuation and this may be the source of flavour variations between the individual fruit and each cultivar (Bernalte et al., 1999). Flavour compounds present in cherries can be complex but the majority of them are relatively simple molecules which are volatile and contribute to the fruit’s odour and aroma. These two terms are usually misinterpreted and it is important to distinguish them in order to be fully understood. Odour is the smell of food before the consumption and is perceived orthonasally, whereas aroma is the smell of food during consumption in the mouth and is sensed retronasally (Revell, 2008). These compounds, as it was mentioned before, are analysed by SPME method coupled with GC-MS. Volatile Analysis Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis demands extraction of the aroma volatiles from cherries to create a sample suitable for injection to the instrument. The most widely applied techniques for the extraction of volatiles are solvent extraction and solid phase micro extraction (SPME). The dominant factor that determines the selection of the type of solvent is the polarity of the volatiles. Therefore, it is apparent that polar volatiles require a polar solvent like methanol, while non-polar volatiles require organic solvent like hexane. Especially, as Li et al. (2008) underlines, a non-polar solvent is suitable for the key volatiles of cherry flavour. Furthermore, a known or quantified internal standard is absolutely necessary to enable quantification of the other compounds, as the area of different peaks from various volatiles in the cherry sample will be compared with the peak area of the known internal standard. As a result of this, the polar compounds such as acids and sug ars end up in the water phase whereas the volatiles in the hexane layer. Centrifugation is crucial to separate the polar and non-polar compounds. After the application of centrifugation, the hexane layer which is formed in the top of the solution is removed and analysed GC-MS. GC-MS analysis uses only a small quantity (1ÃŽ ¼l) of the volatile sample which is injected into the instrument via a hot region which evaporate the liquid. The resulting gas including various volatiles is swept on the chromatographic column with the aid of a carrier gas (usually helium). The increasing temperature of the column provokes the compounds to leave the gum lining, where they are deposited initially, and enter the carrier gas flowing through the chromatographic column. The compounds with the lowest boiling point pass through the column first. This separates the aroma volatiles before they enter the ionisation and detection in the mass spectrometer (Revell, 2008). Volatile Compounds During the last decades, extensive research has been done on different cherry varieties from various countries in different periods of fruit development. A recent study found out a total of 18 compounds in cherry fruit classified into the groups: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons/terpenes and esters were identified and semi-quantified using 4-methyl-2-pentanone as the internal standard for the GC-MS analysis (Vavoura et al., 2015). Almost all these compounds have been previously identified in fresh sweet cherry fruit (Serradilla et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2007; Bernalte et al., 1999; Mattheis et al., 1992; Girard and Kopp, 1998). Many studies have shown that carbonyl compounds, specifically aldehydes, ketones and esters, are some of the most significant compounds of sweet cherry fruit aroma (Girard and Kopp, 1998; Mattheis et al., 1992; Zhang et al., 2007; Bernalte et al., 1999). Matsui (2006) has identified that 2-hexenal and hexanal, which are carbonyl compounds, give green leafy notes in the fresh cherry fruit and for this reason are known as â€Å"green leaf volatiles† with low perception threshold. The results from Vavoura et al. (2015) showed that 2-propanone was the most abundant volatile compound identified in all four cherry cultivars that they examined; Lapins, Canada giant, Ferovia and Skeena followed by 2-hexenal and acetaldehyde. The carbonyl compounds that Vavoura et al. (2015) identified were linear and aromatic and the most abundant was 2-propanone followed by 2-hexenal and acetaldehyde. Moreover, Vavoura et al. (2015) found that carbonyl compounds showed the most abundant signals prese nt in sweet cherry aroma. In contrast with these results, Serradilla et al. (2012) found that alcohols are the most abundant compounds present in sweet cherry, which include linear, aromatic and branched compounds. The most abundant among them was (E)-2-hexen-1-ol and also the main alcohol found in Picato type and Sweetheart sweet cherries in Spain. Furthermore, along with (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, hexanal and 2-hexanal are important compounds which are related with green notes and fresh green odours associated with vegetables and fruits. Girard and Kopp (1998) have also underlined that these compounds are predominant flavour volatiles in cherries. The only alcohols that Vavoura et al. (2015) identified were 2-Hexen-1-ol and benzyl alcohol present in the Skeena cultivar and thus they are used as a marker to distinguish this cherry cultivar from the others. There are other minor components which contribute to the aroma profile of cherry cultivars such as esters (methyl-2-hydroxybenzoate), alkenes (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) and terpenes (D-limonene) (Vavoura et al., 2015; Serradilla et al., 2012). Although, studies on strawberry and kiwifruit showed that esters compounds were the important aromas of the fruits because they have low perception threshold and high aroma value of these compounds (Perez et al., 1996; Li et al., 2002). According to Vavoura et al. (2015), the most representative compounds in the Skeena cultivar were C6 and aromatic compounds. Furthermore, in many studies the content of C6 compounds and aromatic ones are the most representative class of compounds (Mattheis et al., 1992; Zhang et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2010). Girard and Kopp (1998) studied 12 sweet cherry cultivars from the same orchard and identified 50 volatiles with the combination of two techniques dynamic headspace and gas chromatography, (E)-2-hexenol, benzaldehyde, hexanal and (E)-2-hexanal were predominant compounds which could be used to segregate commercial and new cherry selections into various subgroups. Similarly, Sun et al. (2010) conducted their study in order to determine the aroma-active compounds present in five sweet cherry cultivars from Yantai region in China. A total of 52 volatiles were identified, among these were hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, benzaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol. Also, they suggested that hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal, nonanal, benzaldehyde and geranylacetone are responsible for the green, orange, almond and floral notes of the cherry fruit (Sun et al., 2010). In a similar study, Zhang et al. (2007) using the same techniques identified 37 volatiles in sweet cherries in C hina. Especially, reported that hexanal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate and hexanoic acid ethyl ester were the characteristic aroma volatiles of sweet cherry fruit. Moreover, they examined the various developmental cherry periods and concluded that the optimal harvest time of sweet cherry was at the commercial stage (Zhang et al., 2007). According to Reineccius (2006), cherry flavour changes across its developmental stages as it cannot be identified in the primary stages of the fruit formation but grows during a brief ripening period. During this period, metabolism of the fruit changes to catabolism and hence the flavour development starts. This is obvious as carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids are enzymatically converted to simple sugars or acids and volatile compounds. All the previous studied had focused on the volatiles compounds which are in a free form but the aroma of cherries might also come from non-volatile glycosidically bound precursors. These aroma precursors have been extensively examined in a wide range of fruits such as blackberries, mangos, pineapples, strawberries, kiwifruit, oranges and grapes (Fan et al., 2009; Chyau et al., 2003; Garcia et al., 2011). As for the cherry, in a recent study, a total of 97 volatile compounds were reported. The groups of the chemicals compounds which were found, were alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters, ketones, terpenes, norisoprenoids, furans, phenols and benzenes. The majority of these constituents have been previously identified, as it is mentioned before, in fresh sweet cherries. Of the 97 compounds, most of them were in a free form while 13 of them were glycosidically bound. In addition, 20 terpenoid compounds and 7 norisoprenoids were reported. One important thing that has to be taken into accou nt is that many of these compounds such as citronellol, nerol, geraniol, ÃŽ ³-geraniol, (E)-isogeraniol, (Z)-isogeraniol, 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronapthalene (TDN), (E)-1-(2,3,6-Trimethyl-phenyl)buta-1,3-diene (TPB) are identified for the first time in cherries. In contrast to the free volatiles, which were predominantly aldehydes and alcohols, the bound volatile profiles were slightly different. The most abundant compounds were benzyl alcohol, geraniol and 2-phenyl-1-ethanol, followed by 3-methylbutanoic acid and 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol. In terms of sensory evaluation, the free volatile compounds illustrated a fresh green, citrusy and floral aroma while the bound volatiles were odourless in the fresh fruit (Wen et al., 2014). Conclusion To sum up, extensive research has been done on identification of volatile compounds in cherry fruit but the techniques that have been applied to obtain and identify the volatiles are limited. Therefore, our research is intended to examine different cherry varieties both commercially available and from farmers. The methods that will take place for the extraction of the volatiles from the cherries are liquid-liquid extraction, solvent-assissted flavour evaporation technique or most commonly known as SAFE method and headspace solid phase microextraction as in the previously mentioned studies. The results from these techniques will then be identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis (GC-O). Then, a preliminary aroma reconstitution experiment will be conducted in order to be created a â€Å"juice† that resembles the organoleptic properties of original cherry juice after a quantification of the concentrations of the identified predominant aroma compounds. This experiment have been previously achieved in other fruits, such as strawberries but not in cherries (Prat et al., 2014). References Bernalte, D. M., Hernandez, M. T., Vidal-Aragon, M. C. Sabio, E. (1999). Physical, chemical, flavor and sensory characteristics of two sweet cherry varieties grown in Valle del Jerte (Spain). Journal of Food Quality, 22, 403-416. Chyau, C. C., Ko, P. T., Chang, C. H. Mau, J. L. (2003). Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds in lychee. Food Chemistry, 80, 387-392. Fan, G., Qiao, Y., Yao, X., Mo, D., Wang, K. Pan, S. (2009). Free and bound volatile compounds in juice and peel of Jincheng oranges. European Food Research and Technology, 229, 571-578. Fisher, C. Scott, T. R. (1997). Food Flavours. Biology and Chemistry. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry Garcia, C. V., Quek, S. Y., Stevenson, R. J. Winz, R. A. (2011). Characterisation of the bound volatile extract from baby kiwi (Actinidia arguta). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 8358-8365. Girard, B. Kopp, T. C. (1998). Physico-chemical characteristics of selected sweet cherry cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46, 471-476. Li, H., Tu, Z. S., Wang, H. Liu, F. (2002). Analysis of aroma components of kiwifruit wine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 21, 5-10. Li, X. L., Kang, L., Hu, J. J., Li, X. F. Shen, X. (2008). Aroma volatile compound analysis of SPME headspace and extract samples from crabapple fruit using GC-MS. Agricultural Science in China, 7, 1451-1457. Malaman, F. S., Moraes, L. A. B., West, C., Ferreira, J. Oliviera, A. L. (2011). Supercritical fluid extracts from the Brazilian cherry: Relationship between the extracted compounds and the characteristic flavour intensity of the fruit. Food Chemistry, 124, 85-92. Matsui, K. (2006). Green leaf volatiles: Hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism. Journal of Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 52, 1248-1254. Mattheis, J. P., Buchanan, D. A. Fellman, J. K. (1992). Volatile compounds emitted by sweet cherries (Prunus avium cv. Bing) during fruit development and ripening. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 471-474. Perez, A. G., Sanz, C., Olias, R., Rios, J. J. Olias, J. M. (1996). Evolution of strawberry alcohol acyltransferase activity during fruit development and storage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44, 3286-3290. Prat, L., Espinoza, M. I., Agosin, E. Silva, H. (2014). Identification of volatile compounds associated with the aroma of white strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94, 752-759. Reineccius, G. (2006). Flavor formation in fruits and vegetables. Flavor Chemistry and Technology 2nd ed. USA: CRC Press. Revell, J. (2008). Sensory Profile and Consumer Acceptability of Sweet Cherries. University of Nottingham. Serradilla, M. J., Martin, A., Ruiz-Moyano, S., Hernandez, A., Lopez-Corrales, M. de Guia Cordoba, M. (2012). Physicochemical and sensorial characterization of four sweet cherry cultivars grown in Jerte Valley (Spain). Food Chemistry, 133, 1551-1559. Sun, S. Y., Jiang, W. G. Zhao, Y. P. (2010). Characterization of the aroma-active compounds in five sweet cherry cultivars grown in Yantai (China). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 25, 206-213. Taylor, A. J. Mottram, D. S. (1996). Flavour Science. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. Valero, D. Serrano, M. (2010). Postharvest Biology and Technology for Preserving Fruit Quality. USA: CRC Press. Vavoura, A. V., Badeka, A. V., Kontakos, S. Kontominas, M. G. (2015). Characterization of Four Popular Sweet Cherry Cultivars Grown in Greece by Volatile Compound and Physicochemical Data Analysis and Sensory Evaluation molecules, 20, 1922-1940. Wen, Y., He, F., Zhu, B., Lan, Y., Pan, Q., Li, C., Reeves, M. J. Wang, J. (2014). Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds in cherry (Prunus avium L.). Food Chemistry, 152, 29-36. Zhang, X., Jiang, Y. M., Peng, F. T., He, N. B., Li, Y. J. Zhao, D. C. (2007). Changes of aroma components in Hongdeng sweet cherry during fruit development. Agricultural Science in China, 6, 1376-1382.